RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a violência doméstica (VD) longitudinalmente no período pós-parto, identificando tipos, padrões e determinantes de VD, segundo relatos de mães em Fortaleza, Brasil. Métodos: O estudo de coorte Iracema-COVID entrevistou em casa mães que pariram na primeira onda de COVID-19, aos 18 e 24 meses após o parto. Os padrões de VD relatados foram classificados da seguinte forma: VD inexistente, VD interrompida, VD iniciada e VD persistente. Regressões logísticas multinomiais brutas e ajustadas com variância robusta foram utilizadas para avaliar os fatores associados à VD persistente. Resultados: A VD foi relatada por 19–24% das mães aos 18 e 24 meses pós-parto, respectivamente, mostrando um aumento de 5 pontos percentuais. Em 11% dos domicílios a VD persistente esteve presente no período. As formas de VD incluíram agressão verbal, relatada por 17–20% das mães; embriaguez ou uso de drogas em casa, presente em 3-5% das residências; agressão física, relatada por 1,2–1,6% das mães. Residências com duas ou mais formas de VD aumentaram de 2 para 12% no período. Fatores de risco ajustados associados à VD persistente foram: transtorno mental comum materno, família chefiada pela mãe e baixa escolaridade do chefe de família. Insegurança alimentar esteve associada à VD iniciada. Conclusão: A prevalência de VD foi consideravelmente alta no período pós-parto. Políticas de prevenção de VD devem se basear em intervenções que visem melhorar a atenção à saúde mental das mulheres; combater a insegurança alimentar; e promover o nível educacional de jovens de ambos os sexos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To longitudinally assess domestic violence (DV) during the postpartum period, identifying types, patterns and determinants of DV, according to mothers’ reports in Fortaleza, Brazil. Methods: Data from the Iracema-COVID cohort study interviewed at home mothers who gave birth in the first wave of COVID-19, at 18 and 24 months after birth. Patterns of reported DV were classified as follows: no DV, interrupted DV, started DV and persistent DV. Adjusted multinomial logistic regressions were used to assess factors associated with persistent DV. Results: DV was reported by 19 and 24% of the mothers at 18 and 24 months postpartum, respectively, a 5 percentage points increase. Persistent DV was present in 11% of the households in the period. The most frequent forms of DV were verbal aggression, reported by 17–20% of the mothers at 18 and 24 months, respectively; drunkenness or use of drugs at home, present in 3–5% of the households; physical aggression, reported by 1.2–1.6% of the mothers. Households with two or more forms of DV increased from 2 to 12% in the period. Adjusted factors associated with persistent DV were maternal common mental disorder, family headed by the mother and head of family’s poor schooling. Food insecurity was associated with starting DV. Conclusion: Prevalence of DV was considerably high in the postpartum period. DV prevention policies should rely on improving care to women’s mental health; preventing food insecurity; and fostering the educational level of young people of both sexes.

RESUMO Como a literatura obteve a primazia na vida cultural e intelectual no país e ocupa lugar destacado na obra de Antonio Candido de Mello e Souza, neste trabalho, a partir de suas reflexões, procura-se apresentar algumas discussões sobre a contribuição da literatura para a formação e humanização do homem. Pois em seu caminho o crítico literário voltou seu olhar também para a educação, aspecto pouco relevado de sua produção se comparado a outros como o de crítico literário. Nesse sentido, não seria exagerado afirmar que Candido fornece importantes contribuições, subsídios e ferramentas teóricas para um repensar do modo que temos concebido o processo de formação e construído historicamente a educação e a universidade no Brasil. Souza trabalho reflexões procurase procura homem sentido contribuições Brasil

ABSTRACT As literature obtained primacy in Brazil’s cultural and intellectual life and occupies a prominent place in the work of Antonio Candido, in this article, based on his reflections, we strive to show some discussions on the contribution of literature to the formation and humanization of man. Because, on his journey, the critic also turned his attention to education, a less relevant aspect of his production when compared to others, such literary criticism. In this sense, it would not be an exaggeration to say that Candido provides important contributions, scholarly underpinnings, and theoretical tools to rethink how we have conceived the educational process and historically constructed the education and the university in Brazil. Brazils Brazil s article reflections man Because journey others criticism sense contributions underpinnings

Abstract Introduction: The concept of disability is related to the socially-imposed limitations on the disabled because their bodies do not correspond to the model accepted as normal. Access to health care for this population is generally precarious, partly due to the lack of preparation for the care of disabled patients during medical school. This suggests that the school curricula need to be revised. Objective: To analyse the perception of the senior medical students at the Federal University of Ceará (UFC) about the current curriculum, specifically, in relation to the care of people with disabilities. Method: A form previously prepared on the Google Forms platform was made available to collect information from senior medical students at the School of Medicine (FAMED). Afterwards, semi-structured interviews were carried out via Google Meet using questions that aimed to understand the relations between future doctors and people with disabilities, as well as the confidence of the students in their preparation for caring for such patients. For analysis of the empirical material acquired, we used Rueda’s speech analysis. Result: Thirteen interns were interviewed, who reported limitations in learning how to establish a doctor-patient relationship with patients with disabilities during the first two years of medical school, having effects on the future clinical rotations. Politeness, knowledge of the patient’s socioeconomic and cultural conditions, and building an executable therapeutic plan were considered qualities to be developed by the student. The main problems reported was difficulty in performing the physical examination and communication with disabled patients. However, help from the patients’ carers and from the professional team was considered positive by the students. Perceptions regarding the preparation to care for the disabled were contrasting: some reported confidence, due to training and empirical knowledge, while others felt insecure or incapable. It is also important to consider adapting the curriculum on this subject, with interventions in compulsory and elective subjects. Conclusion: Considering the responses and analyses, it was evident that the interviewees experience difficulties in caring for the disabled, suggesting changes to the FAMED-UFC curriculum.

Resumo Introdução: O conceito de deficiência relaciona-se às limitações socialmente impostas aos deficientes por seus corpos não corresponderem ao modelo aceito como normal. Em geral, o acesso à saúde dessa população é precário, em parte, pela falta de preparação voltada ao cuidado dos pacientes deficientes durante a formação médica, demonstrando que os currículos das faculdades necessitam de revisão. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a percepção do aluno interno do curso de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) acerca do modelo curricular atual no contexto da formação médica, especificamente voltado ao atendimento destinado às pessoas com deficiência. Método: Foi disponibilizado um formulário elaborado no Google Formulários, para coletar informações de internos da Faculdade de Medicina (Famed). Depois, realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas via Google Meet mediante questões que objetivaram entender a relação entre futuros médicos e pessoas com deficiências, além da confiança do preparo para o atendimento a tais pacientes. Para exame do material empírico adquirido, utilizou-se a análise de discurso de Rueda. Resultado: Foram entrevistados 13 internos que relataram limitação no aprendizado do estabelecimento da relação médico-paciente em relação a pessoas com deficiência, durante o ciclo básico (do primeiro ao quarto semestre), evoluindo, principalmente, para o internato. Consideraram-se a educação, o entendimento das condições socioeconômicas e culturais do paciente, e a construção de um plano terapêutico executável as qualidades a serem desenvolvidas pelo interno. Quanto aos principais problemas relatados, destacou-se a dificuldade na realização do exame físico e na comunicação. Por sua vez, a ajuda de acompanhantes e o auxílio da equipe profissional foram apontados como aspectos positivos. Percepções referentes ao preparo para atender deficientes foram contrastantes: alguns relataram segurança por capacitações e conhecimentos empíricos, enquanto outros se sentiram inseguros ou incapazes. Percebe-se, também, importante consideração para haver adaptação curricular acerca desse tema, com intervenções nas disciplinas obrigatórias e optativas. Conclusão: Evidenciou-se que os entrevistados sentem dificuldades no atendimento destinado a deficientes, o que sugere alterações no currículo da Famed-UFC.

Abstract Objective: To explore the relationship of undernutrition and the short duration of breastfeeding with child development of children 0–66 months of age residing in Ceará, Brazil. Methods: The authors of the present study utilized population-based data from children enrolled in the Study on Maternal and Child Health in Ceará, Brazi (PESMIC). Children’s development was assessed with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire third version, validated in Brazil. Undernutrition was accessed through anthropometric measures obtained by trained staff. Breastfeeding information was obtained through the mothers' report and confirmed in the child's governmental booklet. The authors used logistic regressions adjusted for sample clusters used in PESMIC design in a theoretical model for known determinants of child development following the World Health Organization nurturing framework. Results: A total of 3,566 children were enrolled in the sixth PESMIC study and had their development assessed. The authors found that 8.2%, 3.0%, 2.1%, and 3.6% of children were stunted, underweight, or wasted, at the time of the interview, respectively. All studied factors were associated with a higher prevalence of child development impairment in at least one of the assessed domains. Underweight was the factor with the strongest effect, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 4,14 (2,26–7,58), p < 0.001. Breastfeeding for up to two months compared to more than six months (AOR2,08 (1,38–3,12)) was also associated. Conclusions: The authors found that undernutrition and short duration of breastfeeding are associated with development outcomes among Brazilian children. As a result, integrated nutritional programs may improve child development outcomes.

Abstract Introduction Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are antimalarial drugs widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. With the global pandemic caused by the new coronavirus, there was an increase in the prescription of these drugs, which led to a major concern regarding their ototoxic effects. Objectives The objective of the present study was to assess existing scientific evidence about the toxic effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine on the peripheral and/or central auditory system. Data Synthesis A systematic literature review was performed by searching the PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, and SciELO electronic databases, in a search of articles that fullfiled the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review was conducted in three phases and, in all of them, analyses were performed by two independent researchers. Disagreements were discussed with a third researcher until a consensus was reached. A total of 437 articles were found and 8 were included in this review. Seven of the included studies reported hearing loss in their samples and presented a diagnostic hypothesis of ototoxicity induced by chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine. The most common type of hearing loss was sensorineural, with varying laterality and degrees of severity. The most frequently used audiological test was pure tone audiometry, and only two studies assessed brainstem evoked responses. Conclusion The scientific evidence compiled in this research showed that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have an ototoxic effect in the peripheral auditory system. These drugs can cause cochlear damage, including changes in the stria vascularis and lesions in sensory hair cells.

Resumo Introdução Considerando que estudos anteriores sugerem que pesticidas podem causar distúrbios auditivos em humanos, além da falta de estudos que comprovem os mecanismos específicos de lesão e a dificuldade em separar fatores etiológicos concomitantes dos danos auditivos, como ruído e vibração, é importante desenvolver estudos que usem modelos animais para elucidar os efeitos da exposição a substâncias isoladas de outras etiologias de danos auditivos. Objetivo Avaliar se a exposição a um inseticida organofosforado baseado em diclorvos pode induzir ototoxicidade. Método Foram divididos em 3 grupos 36 ratos Wistar machos (12 ratos/grupo): controle (exposto à água), controle positivo (tratado com cisplatina para induzir dano auditivo) e experimental (exposto ao inseticida). A amplitude das emissões otoacústicas por produto de distorção nas frequências de 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 kHz foi avaliada antes e após a exposição, bem como sinais de toxicidade sistêmica, ganho de massa corporal e colinesterase plasmática. Os testes Open Field e Plus Maze foram feitos em 24 ratos: experimental (n = 8), controle (n = 8) e grupo controle positivo (n = 8, introduziu novos ratos para induzir atividade ansiolítica) para avaliar a atividade locomotora e a ansiedade, respectivamente. Resultados Não houve alteração significativa no ganho de massa corporal e colinesterase plasmática no grupo experimental; entretanto, os animais apresentaram piloereção transitória, depressão e dispneia durante a exposição. O comportamento não foi afetado em qualquer grupo. As frequências de 8 e 10 kHz foram significativamente afetadas bilateralmente no grupo exposto ao inseticida, o qual também mostrou uma diferença significativa do controle em 10 kHz na orelha direita e 8 e 10 kHz na orelha esquerda. Conclusão A exposição subcrônica inalatória de inseticida organofosforado baseado em diclorvos induziu ototoxicidade na função coclear de ratos sem toxicidade sistêmica relevante.

Abstract Introduction Considering that previous studies suggest that pesticides may cause hearing disorders in humans, as well as the lack of studies proving the specific mechanisms of injury and the difficulty of separating concomitant etiological factors of the hearing damage, such as noise and vibration, it is important to develop studies using animal models to elucidate the effects of exposure to those substances isolated from other hearing damage etiologies. Objective To evaluate if the exposure to a dichlorvos based organophosphorus insecticide may induce ototoxicity. Methods 36 male Wistar rats were assigned to 3 groups (12 rats/group): control (exposed to water), positive control (treated with cisplatin to induce hearing damage) and experimental (exposed to dichlorvos based organophosphorus insecticide). The amplitude of distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the frequencies of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 kHz was evaluated before and after exposure, as well as systemic toxicity signs, body mass gain and plasma cholinesterase. Open field and plus maze tests were performed in 24 rats: experimental (n = 8), control (n = 8) and positive control group (n = 8 introduced new rats to induce anxiolytic activity) to evaluate the locomotor activity and anxiety, respectively. Results There was no significant change in body mass gain and plasma cholinesterase in the dichlorvos based organophosphorus insecticide group, however, the animals showed transient piloerection, depression and dyspnea during exposure. The behavior was not affected in any group. The frequencies of 8 and 10 kHz were significantly affected bilaterally in the insecticide group, which also showed a significant difference of the control in 10 kHz on the right and 8 and 10 kHz on the left ear. Conclusion Subchronic inhalation exposure to dichlorvos based organophosphorus insecticide induced ototoxicity in the cochlear function of rats without relevant systemic toxicity.

Resumo Este estudo explora o cotidiano das famílias com filhos de 0 a 6 anos, residentes em Fortaleza, no Ceará, durante o período de distanciamento físico, estipulado pelo Governo do Estado do Ceará. Esta pesquisa qualitativa se utilizou do referencial da teoria de formação de vínculos na adversidade. Foram entrevistadas 30 mães, entre os meses de julho e agosto de 2020, utilizando videochamadas ou telefonemas. Para análise do material empírico, recorreu-se à análise de conteúdo de Bardin, possibilitando a criação de duas categorias temáticas: (1) o exercício do cuidado parental em tempos de covid-19; (2) o cotidiano das crianças diante da pandemia. A interpretação das narrativas revelou que alguns cuidadores buscaram realizar brincadeiras e atividades manuais com os filhos, e explicavam o que estava acontecendo no cenário mundial, exercendo a parentalidade positiva. Ademais, o distanciamento físico favoreceu o aumento da tolerância dos pais no tempo em que os filhos ficaram expostos às telas. Percebeu-se que os pais influenciaram a prática de hábitos alimentares não saudáveis entre as crianças e a manifestação de mudanças no comportamento dos filhos. Como conclusão, destaca-se a necessidade de um acompanhamento contínuo dos aspectos referentes ao desenvolvimento dessas crianças e do retorno delas às atividades presenciais.

Abstract This study sought to explore the daily life of families with children aged 0 - 6 years old, living in Fortaleza, Ceará - Brazil, during the period of social distancing stipulated by the State Government. This qualitative research was conducted with data collected by means of video or phone interviews with thirty mothers, between July and August 2020. The empirical material was analyzed in the light of Bardin’s content analysis, generating two thematic categories: (1) the exercise of parental care in Covid-19 times; and (2) the daily life of children in the face of the pandemic. The narratives revealed that some caregivers tried to play games and practice arts and crafts with their children, besides explaining what was happening in the world scenario - thus exercising positive parenting. Moreover, the social distancing measures promoted parental tolerance during the time children were exposed to screens, and parents showed to influence the practice of unhealthy eating habits and the manifestation of behavior changes in their children. These findings highlight the need for a continuous monitoring of aspects related to these children’s development, as well as for their return to face-to-face activities.

Resumo Este estudo explora o cotidiano das famílias com filhos de 0 a 6 anos, residentes em Fortaleza, no Ceará, durante o período de distanciamento físico, estipulado pelo Governo do Estado do Ceará. Esta pesquisa qualitativa se utilizou do referencial da teoria de formação de vínculos na adversidade. Foram entrevistadas 30 mães, entre os meses de julho e agosto de 2020, utilizando videochamadas ou telefonemas. Para análise do material empírico, recorreu-se à análise de conteúdo de Bardin, possibilitando a criação de duas categorias temáticas: (1) o exercício do cuidado parental em tempos de covid-19; (2) o cotidiano das crianças diante da pandemia. A interpretação das narrativas revelou que alguns cuidadores buscaram realizar brincadeiras e atividades manuais com os filhos, e explicavam o que estava acontecendo no cenário mundial, exercendo a parentalidade positiva. Ademais, o distanciamento físico favoreceu o aumento da tolerância dos pais no tempo em que os filhos ficaram expostos às telas. Percebeu-se que os pais influenciaram a prática de hábitos alimentares não saudáveis entre as crianças e a manifestação de mudanças no comportamento dos filhos. Como conclusão, destaca-se a necessidade de um acompanhamento contínuo dos aspectos referentes ao desenvolvimento dessas crianças e do retorno delas às atividades presenciais.

Abstract This study sought to explore the daily life of families with children aged 0 - 6 years old, living in Fortaleza, Ceará - Brazil, during the period of social distancing stipulated by the State Government. This qualitative research was conducted with data collected by means of video or phone interviews with thirty mothers, between July and August 2020. The empirical material was analyzed in the light of Bardin’s content analysis, generating two thematic categories: (1) the exercise of parental care in Covid-19 times; and (2) the daily life of children in the face of the pandemic. The narratives revealed that some caregivers tried to play games and practice arts and crafts with their children, besides explaining what was happening in the world scenario - thus exercising positive parenting. Moreover, the social distancing measures promoted parental tolerance during the time children were exposed to screens, and parents showed to influence the practice of unhealthy eating habits and the manifestation of behavior changes in their children. These findings highlight the need for a continuous monitoring of aspects related to these children’s development, as well as for their return to face-to-face activities.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de experiências adversas na infância e identificar fatores associados. Métodos: O estudo transversal de base populacional compreendeu os dados de uma amostra de 3.200 domicílios com 3.566 crianças menores de seis anos, representativa do estado do Ceará, Brasil. Foi utilizado um processo de amostragem multiestágio, com estratificação entre a capital do estado, Fortaleza, e os 28 municípios do interior, nos quais foram sorteados 160 setores censitários, cada qual com um conglomerado de 20 domicílios. A variável desfecho foi estruturada com base nas situações de experiências adversas na infância sugeridas pelo grupo Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, de acordo com o número de situações a que a criança foi exposta: 0–2, 3–5 e 6–9. O modelo multivariado de regressão logística ordinal foi utilizado para avaliar as associações. Resultados: Das 3.566 crianças estudadas, 89,7% (intervalo de confiança — IC95% 88,7–90,7) foram expostas a pelo menos uma experiência adversa, sendo as mais prevalentes negligência e abuso emocional/físico. Os principais fatores associados às experiências adversas na infância foram a idade materna mais elevada e o tabagismo materno, a ausência paterna, a baixa escolaridade do chefe da família, a insegurança alimentar e a falta de rede de apoio social. Conclusão: O estudo encontrou alta ocorrência de experiências adversas na primeira infância, principalmente entre crianças nascidas de mães de idade mais elevada e tabagistas, sem a presença paterna, e em situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica, como a insegurança alimentar, que deve ser alvo prioritário de medidas de prevenção e controle.

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and identify associated factors. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study comprised data from a sample of 3,200 households with 3,566 children under 6 years of age, representative of the state of Ceará, Brazil. A multistage sampling approach was used, with stratification among the state capital, Fortaleza, and the 28 countryside municipalities, in which 160 census tracts were randomly selected, each one with a cluster of 20 households. The outcome variable was structured based on adverse childhood experiences as suggested by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, according to the number of situations to which the child was exposed: 0–2, 3–5, and 6–9. Ordinal logistic regression multivariate model was applied to assess associations. Results: Among the 3,566 children studied, 89.7% (95%CI 88.7–90.7) were exposed to at least one adverse experience, of which the most prevalent were neglect, and emotional/physical abuse. The main factors associated were maternal advanced age and smoking, paternal absence, low education level of the head of the family, food insecurity and lack of a social support network. Conclusion: The study found a high occurrence of adverse early childhood experiences, particularly among preschool children born to mothers of older age, solo, who smoke and in a situation of social and economic vulnerability, including food insecurity, who should be target of control and prevention measures.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o retardo ou a não procura por atenção primária à saúde por parte do bionômio mãe-filho durante a pandemia de COVID-19, uma prática que apresenta elevado potencial de aumentar a morbimortalidade materno-infantil. Métodos: Dados de três levantamentos do estudo longitudinal Iracema-COVID, realizados aos seis, 12 e 18 meses após o parto, identificaram padrões de procura por consultas na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) por parte do binômio mãe-filho. A regressão multinomial bruta e adjustada com variância robusta foi utilizada para avaliar os fatores associados com a não procura. Resultados: Entre as 314 mães da coorte, 25% não realizaram nenhuma consulta na APS durante o período de 18 meses pós-parto, enquanto 30% das mães o fizeram nos três contatos do seguimento. Com relação à consulta da criança, 75% realizaram consultas de APS nos três momentos, ao passo que 4% não realizaram nenhuma consulta em seus primeiros 18 meses de vida. Ao fim da primeira onda de COVID-19, a proporção de consultas na APS de mães e crianças caiu 23 e 18%, respectivamente. Os principais fatores associados à não procura por APS foram mães com idade abaixo de 25 anos e mães com mais de um filho. Conclusão: Houve importante retardo ou não procura por APS pelo bionômio mãe-filho durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Essa prática, com elevado potencial de aumentar a morbimortalidade materno-infantil, foi mais frequente entre mães mais jovens e com mais de um filho.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the delay or failure to seek primary health care by the mother-child dyads during the COVID-19 pandemic, a practice that has a high potential to increase maternal and child morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data from three survey rounds of the Iracema-COVID cohort study, collected 6, 12, and 18 months after birth, showed the patterns of postpartum attendance to primary health care consultation of the mother-child dyad. Crude and adjusted multinomial logistic regressions with robust variance were used to assess factors associated with nonattendance. Results: Among the 314 cohort mothers, 25% did not attend any primary health care consultation during the 18-months postpartum, while 30% of the mothers did all three. Regarding the child, 75% had regular primary health care consultations in all three survey rounds, while 4% did not attend any in their first 18 months of life. By the end of the first COVID-19 wave, the proportion of mother and child who attended the consultations had fallen by 23 and 18%, respectively. The main factors associated with nonattendance were mothers aged below 25 years, and mothers with more than one child. Conclusion: An important delay or nonattendance to primary health care consultation by the mother-child dyad was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such practice, with a high potential to increase maternal and child morbidity and mortality, was particularly frequent among younger mothers and those with more than one child.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the delay or failure to seek primary health care by the mother-child dyads during the COVID-19 pandemic, a practice that has a high potential to increase maternal and child morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data from three survey rounds of the Iracema-COVID cohort study, collected 6, 12, and 18 months after birth, showed the patterns of postpartum attendance to primary health care consultation of the mother-child dyad. Crude and adjusted multinomial logistic regressions with robust variance were used to assess factors associated with nonattendance. Results: Among the 314 cohort mothers, 25% did not attend any primary health care consultation during the 18-months postpartum, while 30% of the mothers did all three. Regarding the child, 75% had regular primary health care consultations in all three survey rounds, while 4% did not attend any in their first 18 months of life. By the end of the first COVID-19 wave, the proportion of mother and child who attended the consultations had fallen by 23 and 18%, respectively. The main factors associated with nonattendance were mothers aged below 25 years, and mothers with more than one child. Conclusion: An important delay or nonattendance to primary health care consultation by the mother-child dyad was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such practice, with a high potential to increase maternal and child morbidity and mortality, was particularly frequent among younger mothers and those with more than one child.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o retardo ou a não procura por atenção primária à saúde por parte do bionômio mãe-filho durante a pandemia de COVID-19, uma prática que apresenta elevado potencial de aumentar a morbimortalidade materno-infantil. Métodos: Dados de três levantamentos do estudo longitudinal Iracema-COVID, realizados aos seis, 12 e 18 meses após o parto, identificaram padrões de procura por consultas na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) por parte do binômio mãe-filho. A regressão multinomial bruta e adjustada com variância robusta foi utilizada para avaliar os fatores associados com a não procura. Resultados: Entre as 314 mães da coorte, 25% não realizaram nenhuma consulta na APS durante o período de 18 meses pós-parto, enquanto 30% das mães o fizeram nos três contatos do seguimento. Com relação à consulta da criança, 75% realizaram consultas de APS nos três momentos, ao passo que 4% não realizaram nenhuma consulta em seus primeiros 18 meses de vida. Ao fim da primeira onda de COVID-19, a proporção de consultas na APS de mães e crianças caiu 23 e 18%, respectivamente. Os principais fatores associados à não procura por APS foram mães com idade abaixo de 25 anos e mães com mais de um filho. Conclusão: Houve importante retardo ou não procura por APS pelo bionômio mãe-filho durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Essa prática, com elevado potencial de aumentar a morbimortalidade materno-infantil, foi mais frequente entre mães mais jovens e com mais de um filho.

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and identify associated factors. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study comprised data from a sample of 3,200 households with 3,566 children under 6 years of age, representative of the state of Ceará, Brazil. A multistage sampling approach was used, with stratification among the state capital, Fortaleza, and the 28 countryside municipalities, in which 160 census tracts were randomly selected, each one with a cluster of 20 households. The outcome variable was structured based on adverse childhood experiences as suggested by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, according to the number of situations to which the child was exposed: 0–2, 3–5, and 6–9. Ordinal logistic regression multivariate model was applied to assess associations. Results: Among the 3,566 children studied, 89.7% (95%CI 88.7–90.7) were exposed to at least one adverse experience, of which the most prevalent were neglect, and emotional/physical abuse. The main factors associated were maternal advanced age and smoking, paternal absence, low education level of the head of the family, food insecurity and lack of a social support network. Conclusion: The study found a high occurrence of adverse early childhood experiences, particularly among preschool children born to mothers of older age, solo, who smoke and in a situation of social and economic vulnerability, including food insecurity, who should be target of control and prevention measures.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de experiências adversas na infância e identificar fatores associados. Métodos: O estudo transversal de base populacional compreendeu os dados de uma amostra de 3.200 domicílios com 3.566 crianças menores de seis anos, representativa do estado do Ceará, Brasil. Foi utilizado um processo de amostragem multiestágio, com estratificação entre a capital do estado, Fortaleza, e os 28 municípios do interior, nos quais foram sorteados 160 setores censitários, cada qual com um conglomerado de 20 domicílios. A variável desfecho foi estruturada com base nas situações de experiências adversas na infância sugeridas pelo grupo Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, de acordo com o número de situações a que a criança foi exposta: 0–2, 3–5 e 6–9. O modelo multivariado de regressão logística ordinal foi utilizado para avaliar as associações. Resultados: Das 3.566 crianças estudadas, 89,7% (intervalo de confiança — IC95% 88,7–90,7) foram expostas a pelo menos uma experiência adversa, sendo as mais prevalentes negligência e abuso emocional/físico. Os principais fatores associados às experiências adversas na infância foram a idade materna mais elevada e o tabagismo materno, a ausência paterna, a baixa escolaridade do chefe da família, a insegurança alimentar e a falta de rede de apoio social. Conclusão: O estudo encontrou alta ocorrência de experiências adversas na primeira infância, principalmente entre crianças nascidas de mães de idade mais elevada e tabagistas, sem a presença paterna, e em situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica, como a insegurança alimentar, que deve ser alvo prioritário de medidas de prevenção e controle.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to evaluate possible ototoxicity secondary to exposure to a combination of pesticides (dichlorvos and cypermethrin based insecticides). Methods: the Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (12 animals per group): control (water), positive control for hearing damage (cisplatin) and experimental (exposed to dichlorvos and cypermethrin). The amplitude of distortion product otoacoustic emissions was assessed before and after the exposure. Systemic toxicity signs were also evaluated (clinical signs, weight gain and plasma cholinesterase). Wilcoxon test analyzed the post-exposure amplitudes compared to pre-exposure and Kruskal Wallis following Dunn’s post hoc tests analyzed the amplitudes’ variation. Normally distributed variables were evaluated by Student's t test. Results: body weight and plasma cholinesterase values were similar comparing the pre and post exposure in the experimental group. The control group did not manifest significant amplitude reduction of otoacoustic emissions between the pre and post evaluation. In the group exposed to cisplatin there was a significant reduction in amplitudes at 12 kHz on the right (p = 0.006; Wilcoxon) and 4 kHz on the left (p = 0.032; Wilcoxon). In the group exposed to pesticides, there was a significant reduction in the right ear at 4 kHz (p = 0.034; Wilcoxon) and 8 kHz (p = 0.019; Wilcoxon) and in the left ear at 4 kHz (p = 0.007; Wilcoxon), 6 kHz (p = 0.023; Wilcoxon), 8 kHz (p = 0.045; Wilcoxon) and 12 kHz (p = 0.028; Wilcoxon). Conclusion: there was ototoxicity in the experimental group, without a relevant systemic toxicity.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of teenage pregnancy in all Brazilian regions and states in the period of 2000-2019 among two age groups, namely, 10-14 and 15-19 years old, and correlate it with the human development index. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed by using the data from the Live Birth Info System from the National Health System’s database. RESULTS: The percentage of live births from teenage mothers (age 10-19 years) in Brazil decreased by 37.2% (i.e., 23.4 in 2000 to 14.7% in 2019) in all regions. Amazonas and Maranhão were the only states to show increased fertility rates for teens in the age group of 10-14 years. The fertility index decreased from 80.9-48% in all states among mothers aged 15-19 years. Only the Southeast and South regions showed levels below the Brazilian average (i.e., 38.2 and 39%, respectively). The proportion of live birth showed an inversely proportional trend to the human development index score. CONCLUSIONS: Brazil shows a decline in the percentage of live birth among adolescent mothers and the fertility rate. Live birth is inversely proportional to the human development index score. However, the teenage pregnancy numbers are still high, with great regional inequality in the country.